In your own words explain what an antibody is and what their role is in preventing reinfection in diseases such as chicken pox.
Use the following terms in your answer
Acquired immunity
Infection
Labelling
Antigen
Pathogen
White blood cell
Macrophage
Phagocyte
Leukocyte
T cells
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Antibodys are proteins in the blood that are produced in response kill specific bacterium or viruses.Antigens are any substance that stimulates the immune system to produce antibodies. Antigens can be bacteria, viruses, or fungi that cause infection and disease. They can also be substances, called allergens, that bring on an allergic reaction. Common allergens include dust, pollen, animal dander, bee stings, or certain foods.
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There are five classes of antibodies also known as immunoglobulin(these are the five classes IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD). the variety of antibodies are proteins which are created by a certain type of white blood cell called B cells or B lymphocytes. Antibodies are responsible of disabling, killing and stunning the antigen. an antigen is define to be a foreign substance from the body which will try and cause an infection in the body. There are three main types of antigens: bacteria, virus and fungi. The structure around an antigen is similar to an antibody, this will enable the antibody to easily attach to the antigen so then it can be disable it and makes it easier for one of the white blood cells to attack it e.g. macrophages , the structure is a Y shape.
There are two main types of T cells (or T lymphocytes):killer T cells and helper T cells. there are also memory helper T cells and memory killer T cells. Killer T cells are a type of white blood cell which finds and kills infected cells, a memory killer T cell will remember the antigen and kill it before it spreads and harms the body. Helper T cells are responsible for turning B cells into plasma cells, activating the killer T cells and Macrophage and to communicate with other cells to attack the infected cells. memory helper T cells will remember the antigens and stops it from doing any harm.
There are two main types of B cells (or B lymphocytes):B cells and plasma cells. B cells produce antibodies to attack antigens. Where as plasma cells are the evolved version of a B cell which has been changed by the helper T cell. The plasma cell will produce the correct type of antibody (given by the Helper T cells), the plasma cell will produce a large number of antibodies to fight of against the antigens. Similar to the T cell , B cells also have a memory cell called the memory B cell. If the body comes in contact with the same antigen, the memory B cells will remember the right antibodies to fight against the antigen.
Together the memory B and T cells will give us immunity on a antigen we had come across before.This is because the memory B and T cells will remember the right antibodies to use, how to fight it of and to stop it from infecting the whole body. Chickenpox is a great example of memory B and T cells giving most people full immunity. But some people are able to get a condition called shingles which is a reactivated version of the Varicella zoster virus (chickenpox).
pathogens- are virus, bacteria or a micro organism which can cause a disease to the body. examples of pathogens will include: chickenpox, whooping cough, influenza (flu), measles, AIDS, rubella, cholera, typhoid and ebola.
Macrophage and Phagocyte- are a type of leukocyte(white blood cell) which is part of the second line of defence. Macrophages, are a stationary form of white blood cells found in majority of the body such as in the tissues, skins, lungs, the spleens and lymph nodes. macrophages digest antigens, cancer cells, microbes and substances which does not include the correct type of proteins to make it a healthy body cell on the exterior of the substance, macrophages uses enzymes to kill the foreign substance, its name means big eater in Greek. Phagocytes is another type of white blood cell which protects the body from foreign substances. similar to macrophages phagocytes take in harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells, this is too keep the body same from harm, phagocytes name means to eat or to devour in Greek.
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Antibodies are proteins in the blood which kill bacteria, viruses and other chemicals. Antigens are toxins which trigger the production of antibodies. T-cells attack the antigens after the antibodies catch them. After the antigens are killed, the antibodies remain inside the body incase a antigen returns. This time the antibodies will be ready to defeat the antigens which will be easier as they have done it before.
An antibody is a protein produced by specialized white blood cells aka leukocytes which create b lymphocytes.When you are infected by foreign bacteria viruses and fungi it can cause infection and disease (a pathogen). When a toxin or alien substance (an antigen) enters your body, that antigen stimulates the b lymphocyte to multiply and mature creating an identical clone, this is a antibody. After the killer cells, such as the macrophages and the phagocytes, kills the antigen, t lymphocytes or t cells recognize the antigen in case of its return making sure your immune system remembers how to defeat t again. Once defeated, you will gain an acquired immunity from the disease or infection.